Nevertheless, no recent meta-analysis has integrated the results of all published trials. More than 40 randomized controlled trials have tested the effects of psychological treatments of perinatal depression and several meta-analyses have evaluated overall effects (Bledsoe & Grote, Reference Bledsoe and Grote2016 Dhillon, Sparkes, & Duarte, Reference Dhillon, Sparkes and Duarte2017). Importantly, women generally prefer psychotherapy due to concerns about the effects of medication on their infants (Dennis & Chung-Lee, Reference Dennis and Chung-Lee2006). Psychotherapy is recommended as the first-line approach for perinatal women with a new depression episode (O'Connor, Rossom, Henninger, Groom, & Burda, Reference O'Connor, Rossom, Henninger, Groom and Burda2016). The effective treatment of perinatal depression is, therefore critical to public health. Although it is not clear whether the prevalence of depression is actually more common in the postpartum period than in other periods of life (O'Hara & McCabe, Reference O'Hara and McCabe2013), one meta-analysis estimated that about one in seven women in high-income countries and one in 10 women in low-income countries are affected by perinatal depression (Woody, Ferrari, Siskind, Whiteford, & Harris, Reference Woody, Ferrari, Siskind, Whiteford and Harris2017). The negative consequences of perinatal depression extend to infants and children, including diminished cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and physical outcomes (Liu et al., Reference Liu, Kaaya, Chai, McCoy, Surkan, Black and Smith-Fawzi2017 O'Hara & McCabe, Reference O'Hara and McCabe2013 Stein et al., Reference Stein, Pearson, Goodman, Rapa, Rahman, McCallum and Pariante2014). Depression during pregnancy and after the birth of a child is highly prevalent and results in a considerable reduction in quality of life, social functioning (Drury, Scaramella, & Zeanah, Reference Drury, Scaramella and Zeanah2016), as well as parental and maternal functioning (Bernard, Nissim, Vaccaro, Harris, & Lindhiem, Reference Bernard, Nissim, Vaccaro, Harris and Lindhiem2018 O'Hara & McCabe, Reference O'Hara and McCabe2013).
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